Explore the research methodologies, ethical considerations, and social issues that shape the study and practice of human-machine communication. This course equips learners with the tools to critically investigate and understand the societal impact of communication technologies.

Human-Machine Communication: Ethics and Society
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Human-Machine Communication: Ethics and Society
This course is part of The Sage Handbook of Human–Machine Communication Specialization

Instructor: Sage Instructors
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What you'll learn
Understand the historical development of human-machine communication
Explore the role of AI and robotics in communication practices
Analyze ethical and social implications of machine communication
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September 2026
35 assignments
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There are 34 modules in this course
This module explores how to audit human-machine communication systems using simulated human agents. It covers methods for assessing system behavior, designing audits, and addressing ethical considerations in research. Learners will gain skills in evaluating the reliability and impact of machine communication systems.
What's included
1 video7 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
7 readings•Total 29 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- News Quality on Alexa•4 minutes
- Media Distribution on Twitter•3 minutes
- System access•4 minutes
- Audit scope•4 minutes
- Simulation fidelity•4 minutes
- Ethical concerns•6 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Auditing Human-Machine Communication Systems•16 minutes
This module explores experimental methods used to study human-machine communication, emphasizing the importance of causality, validity, and measurement techniques. It covers how to design experiments, determine appropriate sample sizes, and use various dependent variables such as self-report, behavioral, and physiological measures. Learners will gain skills in evaluating and implementing experimental strategies in human-computer interaction research.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 18 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Sample Size•5 minutes
- Specific Forms of Experiments I: Communicating with Machines and the Computers-are-social-actors Paradigm•4 minutes
- Measurements of Dependent Variables in Human–machine Communication Research: Self-report, Behavioral Measures and Physiological Measures•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Experimental Methods in Human-Machine Communication•16 minutes
This module explores how physiological and cognitive measures are used to detect and interpret human mental states. It covers the role of psychophysiological signals, such as cardiovascular data and electrodermal activity, in understanding user interactions. Learners will gain insight into how these signals enhance human-machine communication and support personalized system interactions.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 18 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Physiological Signals and Their Connection to the Mind•4 minutes
- Cardiovascular Signals•4 minutes
- Multimodal Approaches•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Mind States Through Physiological and Cognitive Indicators•16 minutes
This module explores methodological approaches for studying human-machine communication in commercial retail environments. Learners will gain insights into case study methods, data collection techniques, and the challenges of analyzing interactions between humans, AI systems, and cloud-based technologies.
What's included
1 video7 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
7 readings•Total 33 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Making a Case for HMC Case Studies•6 minutes
- Select Sub-methods•5 minutes
- Walkthrough Method for Mobile Smartphone Apps•5 minutes
- Walkthrough Method for Smart Infrastructure•5 minutes
- Working with HMC Case Study Datasets•5 minutes
- Conclusion•3 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Methods in Retail Technology Research•16 minutes
This module explores visual research methods used in human-machine communication, covering mental models, network visualizations, and ethical considerations. Learners will gain an understanding of how to effectively represent and interpret complex data in research contexts, as well as navigate the ethical challenges that arise with machine involvement.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 24 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Diagrammatic Mental Model Representation•4 minutes
- Network Visualisations•6 minutes
- Ethics, confidentiality, and anonymisation•9 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Visual Research in Human-Machine Interactions•16 minutes
This module explores unobtrusive data collection methods in human-machine communication, focusing on improving validity and understanding interaction patterns through nonreactive observation. It examines how robots and machines can serve as observers and the implications of their presence on research outcomes. Learners will gain insights into designing and evaluating observational studies in HMC contexts.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 19 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- What about the Knowledge that the Robot is the Observer?•9 minutes
- New Investigations for Observation•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Observing Communication with Machines•16 minutes
This module explores how ethnographic methods can be used to study communication and meaning-making in software development communities. It covers the intersection of technical practices and social dynamics, and examines how values and epistemic differences shape collaborative work. Learners will gain insights into conducting research in distributed, technology-driven environments.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 38 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Values in Design and Making•6 minutes
- [API - PROMPT] Coding Ethnography: Human–Machine Communication in Collaborative Software Development Roleplay•15 minutes
- Studying a Community of Developers•8 minutes
- Epistemic Conflicts Across Scales and Approaches•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Human-Machine Communication in Collaborative Development•16 minutes
This module explores ethnographic research methods for understanding how humans interact with machines in real-world settings. It covers observational techniques, cultural analysis, and the importance of context in human-machine communication. Learners will gain insights into designing and interpreting ethnographic studies in technology-driven environments.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 21 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- On Human–Machine Ethnography•4 minutes
- An Ethnography of Scanning•8 minutes
- The Contribution of Ethnography to HMC Research•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Human-Machine Communication Through Ethnography•16 minutes
This module explores interview methodologies in Human-Machine Communication (HMC), focusing on the challenges of understanding how people conceptualize and discuss interactions with AI and other communicative technologies. Learners will gain insights into the methodological considerations and theoretical debates that shape this emerging field.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 27 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Key Questions and Challenges•6 minutes
- Finding Words to Talk About The Evocative•7 minutes
- Interviewing in HMC – Ways Forward•6 minutes
- Accounting for the Machine•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Qualitative Approaches in Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module explores interdisciplinary approaches to human-machine communication, focusing on feminist, postcolonial, and crip methodologies. It equips learners with tools to analyze and critique the cultural, social, and ethical dimensions of human-machine interactions. By examining theoretical frameworks, students will develop a deeper understanding of inclusivity and representation in technology design.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 22 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Methods for Analyzing Agents, Intelligibility, Interactivity, Actors, and Networks•6 minutes
- Postcolonial and Critical Digital Race Studies of Technology•4 minutes
- Feminist HCI and Human-Centered Research Approaches•8 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Critical Perspectives on Technology and Communication•16 minutes
This module explores ethical frameworks for human-machine communication, focusing on research ethics, gaps in current guidelines, and the integration of multidisciplinary principles. Learners will gain insights into how ethical standards can be adapted for emerging technologies and human-robot interactions. The module also examines ongoing dialogues around ethical review processes in research.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 30 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Research Ethics in Social Robotics and HCI•11 minutes
- A First Summary•8 minutes
- Where Do We Go from Here?•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Ethics in Human-Machine Communication Research•16 minutes
This module explores the evolution and redefinition of affordance theory, highlighting its applications in human-machine communication research. It delves into the conceptual shifts from ecological psychology to design thinking and introduces the idea of imagined affordances. Learners will gain a deeper understanding of how perception, cognition, and design influence human-technology interactions.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 17 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Post-Gibsonian Approaches for Conceptualizing Affordances•5 minutes
- Imagined Affordances: A Framework for Studying Human–Machine Communication•8 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Reimagining Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of emotion and human-machine communication, focusing on how social robots elicit and respond to human emotions. It covers key theories, methodological approaches, and challenges in designing emotionally intelligent interactions. Learners will gain insights into affective computing and its practical applications in human-robot interactions.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 17 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Approaches to Affect Research with Social Robots•5 minutes
- Multimodal Approaches•3 minutes
- Integrating Emotion and Communication Theory to HRI: Main Challenges•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Emotional Dynamics in Human-Machine Communication•16 minutes
This module explores the concept of social presence in human-machine communication, focusing on how users perceive and interact with artificial social actors. It covers theoretical frameworks, ethical considerations, and the impact of emerging technologies on social interactions.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 16 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Social Presence as Copresence•6 minutes
- Future Research and Applications•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Social Presence in Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module examines the principles of interpersonal communication and how they apply to interactions between humans and machines. It explores theories, axioms, and practical examples of how humans and machines can engage in meaningful, natural communication. Learners will gain insight into the social and psychological dimensions of human-machine dialogue.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 20 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- From Mere Machines to Interlocutors•7 minutes
- Watzlawick's Axioms of Communication•8 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Human-Machine Interaction Dynamics•16 minutes
This module explores how human cognition interacts with social machines through dual-process theories, covering fast and slow thinking, social-cognitive processes, and emotional responses. Learners will gain insight into how humans interpret and engage with artificial entities that simulate social behavior.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 17 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Social-cognitive accounts•6 minutes
- Emotional Accounts•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Dual-Process Theory in Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of privacy and human-machine communication, focusing on the unique challenges posed by smart technologies. It examines theoretical frameworks, ethical considerations, and practical implications of these systems in everyday life. Learners will gain insights into how to approach the design of ethically responsible human-machine interactions.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 18 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Privacy and HMC•5 minutes
- Smart Speakers, Privacy, and HMC•7 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Privacy in Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module introduces the fundamentals of natural language processing, covering its role in human-computer interaction, key techniques like preprocessing and semantic role labeling, and applications in AI-driven communication systems.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 17 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Fundamentals of Natural Language Processing•6 minutes
- Semantic Role Labeling•7 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Foundations of Natural Language Processing•16 minutes
This module explores the impact of datafication on human-machine communication, focusing on ethical challenges, representational biases, and the design of inclusive systems. It examines how voice assistants reflect or challenge gender norms through data-driven processes and highlights the importance of equitable data practices. Learners will gain insights into the intersection of technology, gender, and data ethics.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 25 minutes
- Introduction to Datafication in HMC•4 minutes
- Datafication, Voice Interface Representation in HMC, and Gender Theory•6 minutes
- Case Study on Gender Representation in Voice-Controlled Assistants•6 minutes
- Preferences in Relation to Gender Stereotypical Tasks•5 minutes
- Conclusion•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Gender and Voice in Human-Machine Communication•16 minutes
This module explores how technologies become integrated into daily life, focusing on their symbolic and social roles within domestic settings. It examines theoretical frameworks like the domestication approach and applies them to modern technologies such as IoT and smart devices. Learners will gain insights into how technology shapes and is shaped by everyday routines and cultural meanings.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 21 minutes
- Introduction•10 minutes
- Applications of the Domestication Approach•4 minutes
- Emerging Questions and Issues for Domestication Research in the Field of HMC•7 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Human-Machine Communication Through Domestication Theory•16 minutes
This module explores how intersectionality challenges the assumptions of neutrality and universality in AI systems. It examines the role of identity, power, and bias in human-machine communication, and how these factors shape the design and use of artificial intelligence. Learners will develop critical insights into the ethical and social implications of AI technologies.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 20 minutes
- Introduction•7 minutes
- Intersectionality in Human–Machine Communication•6 minutes
- Metaphysical: Where is the Intelligence in Artificial Intelligence?•7 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Intersectionality and Technology•16 minutes
This module explores the concept of data colonialism, its historical roots, and its implications for human-machine communication. It examines how datafication perpetuates systemic inequalities and introduces critical frameworks for addressing algorithmic bias and power imbalances. Learners will develop an understanding of postcolonial perspectives on big data and its impact on marginalized communities.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 20 minutes
- Introduction: Colonialism and AI•4 minutes
- Data Colonialism: Datafication of Life Beyond Labor•5 minutes
- Postcolonial Critique of Big Data Episteme•5 minutes
- Data from Global Souths: Beyond Universalism•6 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Data Colonialism and Digital Power Structures•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of feminist theory and technology design, focusing on how digital tools can perpetuate inequality and how inclusive frameworks can foster more equitable human-computer interactions. Learners will analyze design biases, examine the impact of cultural contexts on technology use, and consider strategies for creating more just digital systems.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 26 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Women Workers and Collective Action Historically and Today•6 minutes
- Tech as Tools of Oppression But Not Emancipation•5 minutes
- Agenda for Future Research: Feminist Approaches to Design•5 minutes
- Protecting Anonymity•6 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Designing for Inclusion in Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module explores how disability challenges traditional notions of human-machine communication, examines historical and societal biases, and highlights transformative approaches to inclusive technology design. Learners will gain insights into redefining norms and developing more equitable technological solutions.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 19 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Disability Perspectives on Humans, Communication, and Machine•5 minutes
- Disability in The Machines – Beyond Ideologies of Ability•5 minutes
- The Transformative Potential of HMC•3 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Rethinking Communication and Technology Through Disability Perspectives•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of robotics and art, focusing on how robotic systems generate aesthetic outcomes and challenge traditional communication methods. Learners will examine interdisciplinary approaches, the role of failure in creative processes, and the evolving relationship between humans, robots, and technology.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 26 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Robotic Art•4 minutes
- Performances and Interactions, Methods and Structures•9 minutes
- Failure as A Method•4 minutes
- A Final Conversation – The Role of Science•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring the Aesthetics of Machine Communication•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of labor, automation, and human-machine communication, focusing on how AI and machine learning reshape workplace dynamics, data practices, and the adaptation of technology to human needs.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 19 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Human-to-Machine Communication in AI Development•4 minutes
- Human-with-Machine Communication in AI Customization•10 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Human-Machine Interaction in the Age of Automation•16 minutes
This module explores the intersection of human-machine collaboration, infrastructure, and labor, focusing on how automation impacts information systems and democratic processes. It delves into theoretical frameworks like Marx's labor analysis and examines real-world examples such as automated journalism. Learners will develop a critical understanding of the social and economic implications of technology in modern work environments.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 25 minutes
- Introduction•10 minutes
- Contributions to A Political Economy of HMC: Implications for Information and Labor•5 minutes
- Marx – Appropriating the Social Brain•6 minutes
- The Case of Automated Journalism•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Infrastructure, Information, and Labor in Human-Machine Collaboration•16 minutes
This module explores how deception operates in human-machine communication, examining design strategies, ethical dilemmas, and user perceptions of AI. It delves into real-world examples and theoretical frameworks to help learners understand the complexities of trust and transparency in AI interactions.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 22 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Towards a New Typology of Deception•6 minutes
- Banal Deception: Normalizing Deception in HMC•5 minutes
- Conclusion: AI, as Seen from Humans•6 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Deception and Interaction in AI Technologies•16 minutes
This module explores how regulatory frameworks and social norms influence human-robot interactions, focusing on non-physical harms such as behavioral manipulation. Learners will examine policy gaps and emerging research on the social dimensions of collaborative robotics. The module equips students with the knowledge to assess ethical challenges in robot design and governance.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 23 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Collaborative Robots•4 minutes
- How Interactive Robots Influence Our Behaviors and Movements•5 minutes
- Policy Gaps in Collaborative Robotics•4 minutes
- Emerging Research and Trends Relevant to "New Harms"•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Ethical Dimensions of Collaborative Robotics•16 minutes
This module explores the legal and ethical challenges of liability in human-machine communication, including how agency theory applies to autonomous systems. It examines real-world examples such as chatbots and legislative responses like the BOT Act. Learners will gain an understanding of responsibility, control, and accountability in technology-driven interactions.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 18 minutes
- Introduction•6 minutes
- Relationships and Responsibility•7 minutes
- Agency, Autonomy, and The Law•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Agency and Accountability in Technology•16 minutes
This module explores the cultural roots of robot communication in Japan, focusing on how manga and anime shape societal perceptions of robots. Learners will analyze the evolution of robot characters and their dual roles as both mechanical tools and emotional companions. The module also examines the impact of key figures like Osamu Tezuka on robot identity in Japanese pop culture.
What's included
1 video5 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
5 readings•Total 24 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- Osamu Tezuka and the Split Image of Robots•4 minutes
- Type B: Intelligent Hero(ine) Robots•4 minutes
- Humanistic Robot with a Warm Heart: Astro Boy•5 minutes
- Summary•7 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Cultural Foundations of Robot Perception in Japan•16 minutes
This module explores the evolving nature of human-robot interactions, examining different types of relationships, ethical considerations, and theoretical frameworks that shape these dynamics. Learners will gain insights into how social robots are perceived and integrated into human society, along with the moral dilemmas they present.
What's included
1 video3 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
3 readings•Total 15 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Types of Human–Robot Relationships•5 minutes
- Ethical Issues•5 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Exploring Human-Robot Social Dynamics•16 minutes
This module explores the concept of algorithms as a form of human-machine communication, examining their social, technical, and interpretive dimensions. Learners will gain insight into how algorithms convey meaning and how humans engage with them in various contexts. The module emphasizes the importance of listening to algorithms and understanding their broader implications.
What's included
1 video4 readings1 assignment
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 23 minutes
- Introduction•5 minutes
- Algorithms in The Social Sense•9 minutes
- Listening to Algorithms•5 minutes
- What Listening to Algorithms Means for HMC•4 minutes
1 assignment•Total 16 minutes
- Algorithms and Human-Machine Interaction•16 minutes
This module explores the mechanisms and implications of bot-to-bot communication, focusing on how machines interact with each other and with humans. It covers the technical and relational aspects of automated systems, including M2M and HMC integration, and examines the evolving role of bots in collaborative digital environments.
What's included
1 video4 readings2 assignments
1 video•Total 1 minute
- Overview•1 minute
4 readings•Total 23 minutes
- Introduction•4 minutes
- What is Bot-to-Bot Communication?: A Perspective from M2M and HMC•6 minutes
- The Relational Aspect of Bot-to-Bot Communication•4 minutes
- The Infrastructural Aspect of Bot-to-Bot Communication•9 minutes
2 assignments•Total 152 minutes
- Human-Machine Communication: Ethics and Society Final Assessment•136 minutes
- Exploring Bot-to-Bot Communication Dynamics•16 minutes
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